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The article on this website is presented in conventional text, AND An audio narration of the text, recorded on sound files. If you want to listen to a narration of the introductory text, left click on the blue words below. By David Alderoty © 2016
To contact the author use: David@TechForText.com or left click for a website communication form
This article contains four topics that involve the filesystems used on the web and personal computer, and it is a little over 5,000 words, and it Covers all of the following
· A unconventional way of designating a website’s homepage, which allow the use of any filename, and multiple websites in the same directory
· The similarities between the filesystem on the web, and the filesystem on a personal computer
· How to open directories and files on a personal computer, using URLs created with the file protocol (file:///)
· Accessing non-html file types from a server, directly through the web, with conventional web browsers and URLs, with the http:// protocol
The concepts and techniques presented in this article are supported by experimental proof, and/or supporting evidence from web-based sources. The experiments in the article were created by the author, and they are activated by clicking on hyperlinks, or by entering a URL in a web browser. The web-based sources were obtained after a subtopic or topic was written. Thus, this article does not contain any paraphrases or quotes. The article does contain links to web-based articles, videos, and search pages, from a number of authors, for supporting evidence, and additional information, as well as for ALTERNATIVE opinions, interpretations, and explanations. The article is written at a basic level, but it contains some technical terms. However, most of the technical terms are hyperlinked to web-based sources, which provide definitions and/or explanations. At least some of the web links in this article will inevitably fail, because websites are often modified or shut down. However, all of the links were functioning when this article was completed in February 2016. If a web link fails, use the blue underlined words that comprise the link, as a search phrase, with www.Google.com, or for a video use www.google.com/videohp. The search will usually bring up the original website or one or more good alternatives.
Hyperlink Table Of Contents
Below is the hyperlink table of contents of this website. If you left click on any of the blue underlined words, a related topic will appear on your computer screen. Topic 1) General Information that Applies to The Experiments Described in this Article Topic 2) A Web-Based Experiment, Involving Filenames of Homepages
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Left click on the blue underlined words below, if you want to listen to a narration of topic 1, recorded on a sound file.
Topic 1) General Information that Applies to The Experiments Described in this Article
The experiments described in this article were performed with a Dell desktop computer running Windows 8.1, 64-bit version, and rented web space on a commercial web server running Windows Server 2008. The experimental results presented in this article might differ if performed with computer systems that are different from the above. However, most conventional computers and web servers would probably yield similar experimental results. This is because the same basic technology is involved, even if a computer or server is running an operating system other than Windows. However, some of the symbols used in this article might be different with other operating systems. The experimental results presented in this article should not be thought of as new discoveries. I was able to predict most of the experimental results based on my knowledge and experience with computer technology. Thus, I presume most computer technicians and engineers would also be able to predict the experimental results. Any individual with a computer, appropriate technical knowledge, who has access to a web server, should be able to reproduce the experiments presented and this article. For the experiments involving the web server, it’s important to note that it was accessed using Internet Explorer with the FTP protocol. Then the experimental files mentioned in the article were directly loaded onto the server with the Windows COPY and PASTE functions. Individuals that use special software to create websites and load them onto the web server might be unfamiliar with some of the concepts presented in this article. This is because the software they use might conceal the file structure of the websites they upload, and the software might automatically assign the filename of the homepage, which is typically index. The hyperlinks that relate to the experiments in this article were created by typing the URLs into a Microsoft Word 2010 document, and pressing the enter key. The insert hyperlink function in Microsoft Word was not used, because it often conceals or modifies information that is relevant to this article, such as file location, file extension, and filename. The term URL is usually used in reference to webpages and files on the Internet. However, I am also using this term to refer to FILES AND THEIR DIRECTORIES ON A PERSONAL COMPUTER. This is because URLs that were created for files and directories on a PC, function the same way as URLs for the Internet, when used in web browsers, and many other software devices. In this article I display the protocol http:// at the end of a URL for a web address, and the file protocol (file:///) for URLs that access directories or files on a personal computer.
Web Links to Access Other Authors, for Additional and Supporting Information, as Well as ALTERNATIVE Interpretations, Explanations, and Opinions.
WEB-BASED VIDEO
Microsoft Word Tips And Tricks - Creating A Link Within A Document How to Hyperlink an Image in Microsoft Word
WEB-BASED ARTICLES
Definition and explanation of a URL What's a Web Server? How does a Web Server work? Web server Part of the Internet technologies glossary Create a customized hyperlink to a document, file, or Web page Using Hyperlinks in a Word Document
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Left click on the blue underlined words below, if you want to listen to an audio narration of topic 2, recorded on a sound file.
Topic 2) A Web-Based Experiment, Involving Filenames of Homepages
Generally, the homepage, or first page, of a conventional HTML website is designated by the filename index. That is most web servers are programmed to interpret index as a homepage. The above might lead some people to assume that the filename of the homepage MUST be index. Based, on this assumption, you cannot choose an arbitrary filename for the homepage, and you cannot place more than one website in a specific directory (or folder). This is because they would have the same filename, which generally is index. When two documents with the same filename are placed in the same directory, the second file entered would overwrite the previously entered file. However, the following experiment proved that the assumption and related conclusion presented above is incorrect. Based on the experimental results, you can create a homepage with any filename you choose, providing you display the resulting URL with the filename and file extension. This implies that you can place two or more websites in the same directory, if different filenames are used. The three experimental websites presented below do not have a homepage named index. These websites are sharing the same directory, with other websites that were previously created. The URLs presented below will function in the address bar of any web browser, or you can left click on them, and a website will open.
· Experimental website http://www.TechForText.com/ST.htm There is another website on this directory, which was previously created, which is http://www.TechForText.com This URL can also be written with the filename, and file extension: http://www.TechForText.com/index.htm (See the note at the end of this paragraph.)
· Experimental website: http://www.David100.com/SD.htm There is another website on this directory, which is http://www.David100.com This URL can also be written with the filename, and file extension as follows: http://www.David100.com/index.htm (See the note at the end of this paragraph.)
· Experimental website: http://www.Tech-For-Text.com/SS.htm There is another website on this directory with the URL presented below: http://www.Tech-For-Text.com Just like the above example, this URL can be written with the filename, and file extension, as displayed below: http://www.Tech-For-Text.com/index.htm (See the note at the end of this paragraph.)
Note, with conventional techniques, the URL of the homepage does not have to be display with the filename and file extension. This is because the server is program to search for the homepage with the word index, when no filename or file extension is displayed in the URL. The technique implied by the above experiment is potentially useful. You can choose any filename for the homepage, and you can enter limitless number of websites in the same directory. However, this technique should NOT be used with major website construction, especially if the website is for a business. The filenames and configuration of the above websites might confuse search engines, and almost certainly would confuse technicians that are maintaining the server or providing technical support. There might be other unanticipated adverse effects associated with the technique. However, I did not encounter any problems with the technique and the experimental websites. If there were any difficulties, the consequences would be insignificant, because the experimental websites do not contain important data.
Web Links to Access Other Authors, for Additional and Supporting Information, as Well as ALTERNATIVE Interpretations, Explanations, Opinions, and Conventional Ways of Creating a Website
WEB-BASED VIDEOS
YouTube search page: Creating a website How To Create A Website With WordPress by Geoff Blake How to Build a Website in 7 Steps Using Microsoft Word to Build Websites
WEB-BASED ARTICLES Create your new website for free WordPress.com What is the index.html page? create Default Web Pages by Jennifer Kyrnin 8 Effective Web Design Principles You Should Know 7 Best Practices for Improving Your Website's Usability
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Left click on the blue underlined words below, if you want to listen to an audio narration of topic 3, recorded on a sound file. Topic 3) The Comparison Between the Web and the File System on Personal Computers, and How to Create URLs For the Files and Directories on Your Computer
The term URL is usually used to refer to a web address, but I am using this concept to access files and their directories on a personal computer, using a web browser. Based on this, there are URLs for the web, and URLs for the personal computer, which will become obvious after reading the following paragraphs. The experimental results presented in topic 2, suggests that websites on a server, functions (somewhat) similar to the file system on a personal computer. Websites are of course comprised of one or more files on the server. To create URLs to access files on a personal computer, all the following is required: the location of the file. File location is also called a directory or a folder, which contains the file. You also need the filename and file extension. For example, I created a notepad file on my hard drive, and to create a URL for it, I need all of the following: · File location (also called the directory or folder) which is C:\ · Filename is TestDocument · File extension is .txt With the information above, I can create a URL to access this notepad file, as follows C:\TestDocument.txt. I can into this URL into any web browser on my computer, and it will open the notepad file I created. In addition, I can use this URL to create a hyperlink or an icon, which will automatically open the file when I click on it. This file URL (C:\TestDocument.txt) will not work on your computer, unless you create a notepad file with the same file location, filename, and file extension. This may be a good practice exercise, but if you use C:\ be very careful not to upset any of the system and program files located in this directory. Everything that was presented in this topic, also applies to URLs for websites. To illustrate the similarity, I will use the experimental websites presented in topic 2, as examples. With the experimental websites, we can think of the file location as the following domains: www.David100.com, www.Tech-For-Text.com, and www.TechForText.com. This is because these domains are programmed to represent specific directories or folders on the web server that I use for my websites. With the experimental websites, the filenames are SD, SS, and ST, as shown below. The file extension for the three websites is .htm. Based on this information the URLs are as follows: · www.Tech-For-Text.com/SS.htm
With these URLs, we can create an icon or hyperlink to open each website, when it is click on with the mouse. All of the above is the same as URLs for files on a personal computer. A URL, must sometimes include the PROTOCOL. The protocol for a typical website or web page is http:// and the protocol for a file on a personal computer is file:///. However, most web browsers, and Microsoft Word’s insert hyperlink function automatically assume that http:// is the protocol if the URL starts with www. If a URL starts with a letter, followed by a colon, and a backslash, the software mentioned above assumes that the URL refers to a file on a personal computer. However, for some software devices it is necessary to include the protocol at the beginning of the URL. For example, when a hyperlink for a file is created in a Microsoft Word document, WITHOUT using the automatic hyperlink function, you must include file:/// at the beginning of the URL. Based on the above, the URLs for the experimental websites, and the notepad file I created, can be rewritten with the protocol, as follows:
· file:///C:\TestDocument.txt · http://www.David100.com/SD.htm · http://www.Tech-For-Text.com/SS.htm · http://www.TechForText.com/ST.htm
Experiments with URLs for Files and Directories on a Personal Computer
To demonstrate that URLs can function with files and directories on personal computers, I carried out a series of experiments, which are presented three paragraphs below, under a separate heading. The following two lists of URLs, represent the experiments I did with directories and files on my Dell computer. Most, if not all, of these URLs probably will NOT work on your computer, because most of the directories and files are on your computer are probably different then the computer I used. In addition, Keep in mind that I am working with a computer running Window 8.1 64-bit version, and the symbols and format I used in the experiments may or may not work for some operating systems. If you encounter this problem, you should carry out a web search to find the symbols that apply to your operating system. For additional information see the following websites: List of Operating Systems Google search page: File system and notation used for different operating systems The File System Working with files and directories Drive letter assignment File system permissions Operating system variations Aafter reading this topic, you should be able to create URLs for the files and directories on your computer. This will probably require a little trial and error practice, but it is an excellent exercise to become familiar with the concepts presented in this topic. If you carry out this practice, you should be very careful not to disrupt the files and directories of your operating system, drivers, and other software on your computer. Generally, you can create URLs and hyperlinks to the above, but you must be certain not to accidentally make any change to the software. However, you can change filename, and directory or the documents you created, but you cannot change the file extensions.
The Experiments with URLs for Files and Directories on a Personal Computer
NOTE: Of course, the following experiments and their results DO NOT represent original discoveries. However, experimentation is a good way of illustrating the concepts, and experimenting is an excellent exercise for facilitating the learning process. When I typed file:///C:\ into a Microsoft Word document, and press the enter key, it turned blue indicating it was converted to a hyperlink. When I clicked on this hyperlink, the contents of my hard drive appeared on my computer screen. Similarly, when I entered file:///C:\ into the Windows run dialog box, and click the okay button, the files on my hard drive appeared on my computer screen. See the following screenshots.
I repeated the above experiment, using Internet Explorer, and I obtained identical results. When I tried the experiment with Google Chrome, and Mozilla Firefox, the contents of my hard drive was displayed in the form of blue hyperlinks. See the following screenshot:
I repeated the above experiments with a list of directories, and the list of files on my computer, and I got the same results as presented above. Specifically, the URLs for the directories on my computer, when activated with hyperlinks, or entered into a web browser, or the run dialog box, displayed the content of the directories. Similarly, the URLs for the files on my computer open the files when they were activated. The first list contains the URLs for the directories on my computer, which is followed by another list that contains the URLs for some of the files on my computer. Most of these URLs probably will not work on your computer, but if you want to try them, copy and paste them into a web browser, and press the enter key. List of URLs to Access Some of the Directories on My Computer file:///C:\ file:///F:\ file:///C:\Windows file:///C:\Users file:///C:\Users\default\ file:///C:\Users\Default\Desktop file:///C:\Users\Default\Pictures file:///C:\Users\Default\Documents file:///C:\Users\Default\Music file:///C:\Users\Default\Videos file:///C:\Users\default\Documents file:///C:\Users\default\Documents file:///C:\Users\David file:///C:\Users\David\Desktop file:///C:\Users\David\Pictures file:///C:\Users\David\Documents file:///C:\Users\David\Music file:///C:\Users\David\Videos file:///C:\Users\David\AppData\Roaming\ClassicShell\Pinned file:///C:\ProgramData file:///C:\Program%20Files%20(x86) file:///C:\Users\David\Documents\Bluetooth%20Folder file:///C:\This%20is%20a%20Test%20folder
What Does %20 Mean in the Above URLs?
If you noticed, %20 in some of the above URLs, it simply means the space between words and numbers in a URL, such as file:///C:/Program Files. This URL (file:///C:/Program Files) will not work in some software devices, unless the space is represented by %20, such as: file:///C:/Program%20Files. For additional information, see the following websites. Why '%20' is used as a space in URLs, Why does %20 mean space?, What does this mean? %20, 'What are those "%20" codes in URLs?'.
List of URLs to Open Some of the Files on My Computer
These URLs will only work on your computer if you have the indicated software, in the exact file location as shown in the URL. However, if you carefully read the material presented in this article, you should be able to create similar URLs to open files on your computer. Most of these URLs probably will not work on your computer, but if you want to try them, copy and paste them into a web browser, and press the enter key.
file:///C:\Windows\notepad.exe file:///C:\Windows\write.exe file:///C:\Windows\system32/mspaint.exe file:///C:\New Microsoft Word.docx file:///C:\Program Files\Internet Explorer\iexplore.exe file:///C:\Windows\System32/cmd.exe file:///C:\Windows\System32/dccw.exe file:///C:\Windows\System32/psr.exe file:///C:\Program%20Files%20(x86)\Mozilla Firefox\firefox.exe file:///C:\Program%20Files%20(x86)\Google\Chrome\Application\chrome.exe file:///C:\Program%20Files%20(x86)\Microsoft Office\Office14\ONENOTE.EXE file:///C:\Program%20Files%20(x86)\Google\Chrome\Application\chrome.exe file:///C:\This%20is%20a%20Test%20folder/Test%20Text%20Document.txt
Another Way of Looking at URLs is to Think of them as Addresses
This subtopic may seem somewhat unusual, but it can lead to insights about the file structure used on personal computers and on the web. Specifically, we can compare URLs with the addresses we used to locate an individual. We can also write an address to locate an individual using the same notation for writing URLs. For an example, I will use the following address: John Doe 225 W 20th St. Apt. 30G, New York NY 10011, USA We will assume that John is the filename, and Doe is the file extension. The file location is USA, 225 W 20th St. Apt. 30G, New York NY 10011. This involves a root directory (USA) and a few subdirectories. The address is written with the larger geographical location first, which is followed by smaller localities, as follows: USA/NY/New York/10011/225 W 20th St/Apt. 30G/John.Doe The general formula based on the above is presented below: Country/State or similar locality/city/ZIP Code/Street/apartment/First-Name.Family-Name
We could think of the above concept in terms of folders, which represent directories in Windows and some other operating systems. This involves a large folder named USA, which contains a smaller folder named NY. The NY folder contains an even smaller named New York, which contains a much smaller folder named with the ZIP Code 10011. The 10011 folder contains a smaller folder named 225 W 20th St, which contains an even smaller folder, named Apt. 30G. Now, let us assume here are several people that live in Apt. 30G, which can be thought of as a number of files in the same folder. The file name and extension, directs the computer to open the correct file, and with this analogy the first and last name John.Doe indicate which individual is to be accessed.
Web Links to Access Other Authors, for Additional and Supporting Information, as Well as ALTERNATIVE Interpretations, Explanations, and Opinions.
WEB-BASED VIDEOS
Windows File Structures and Paths How to make a hyperlink (clickable link or image) in html Copy all files into a single folder Windows using Copywhiz Windows 8.1 Understanding the file explorer structure
WEB-BASED ARTICLES ARTICLES
How to work with files and folders: Windows 8.1, Windows RT 8.1 6 Ways the Linux File System is Different From the Windows File System Understanding Windows 7 file structure Understanding Directory Structure (Windows) Structure of OS (Folders and Files) Zen and the Art of File and Folder Organization Microsoft Word creates a hyperlink
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Left click on the blue underlined words below, if you want to listen to an audio narration of topic 3, recorded on a sound file.
Topic 4) Non-HTML File Types that Can Be Stored on a Server, and Accessed Through the Web, with Conventional URLs and Web Browsers
Many file types are commonly used on the web. With the exception of PDF documents, the non-HTML files are usually embedded in HTML webpages. However, almost any type of file can be linked to a webpage or PDF document, so that it can be downloaded and open by the user after the download is completed. Usually to access a non-HTML file type, the user must open a webpage or PDF document first. Most file types are not offered to the public with specific URLs for direct access. This might lead some to believe that conventional URLs and web browsers can only access directly HTML or PDF files. Based on the following experiment, many file types can be directly accessed from the web, with conventional URLs and web browsers, even if they are NOT embedded or linked to HTML webpages or PDF documents. For this experiment, 32 file types were tested, and 26 were directly accessible through the web, with conventional web browsers and URLs with the http protocol. This included Microsoft Word documents, PowerPoint presentations, and files that contain photographs, videos, and sound recordings. The 32 files tested were placed on rented service space. This involved a commercial server running Windows Server 2008. The URLs to access the files were of course based on the file location, filename, and file extension. The file location was a folder named EX, at www.TechForText.com. Thus, all of the URLs began with http://www.TechForText.com/EX/. This was followed by the file name and file extension. The filenames were created to reveal to the user the type of file, such as the following example: http://www.TechForText.com/EX/Text-Document.txt When these URLs are entered into a web browser, or activated with a hyperlink, the files open automatically, assuming the client computer has the software to open the file. A number of file types opened immediately, similar to a webpage, especially if they were small files. However, some file types required a few seconds, to about one minute before they opened, especially if they were relatively large. In some cases, security features were activated in the client computer. This prevented the software from being downloaded or opened, until the user clicked on a button on a dialog box. See the following screenshots.
Two paragraphs below there is a list of the files that were tested and the related URLs. Thus, you can test these files on your computer by left clicking on the URLs, or by copying and pasting the URLs into the address bar of a web browser. The files that did NOT open are included in the list, with a related statement in red type. Keep in mind that you must have the software to open the file. If you do NOT have the required software to open a file, you might be able to open it with a free software program, called Open Freely, which can be downloaded at http://www.openfreely.com/download/none. Open Freely, can open a large number of file types, including PowerPoint, Microsoft Word, Excel, and the most commonly used video and sound files. However, it was not able to open Excel in the binary format, and Microsoft Access, with the file extensions: xlsb, and.accdb.
VIDEO FILES
1) http://www.TechForText.com/EX/Windows-Media-Video.wmv The above file opened from the web.
2) http://www.TechForText.com/EX/MPEG-4-Video.mp4 The above file opened from the web, but there was a delay before it started.
3) http://www.TechForText.com/EX/AVCHD.MTS The above file did NOT OPEN from the web
4) http://www.TechForText.com/EX/AVI-File.avi The above file opened from the web.
5) http://www.TechForText.com/DV-File.dv The above file did NOT OPEN from the web
PRESENTATIONS AND SLIDESHOWS
6) http://www.TechForText.com/EX/SWF(Compiled-Flash-File).swf The above file opened from the web.
7) http://www.TechForText.com/EX/Microsoft-PowerPoint.pptx The above file opened from the web, after clicking on a dialog box.
8) http://www.TechForText.com/EX/OldVersion-of-PowerPoint.ppt The above file opened from the web, after clicking on a dialog box.
SOUND FILES
9) http://www.TechForText.com/EX/MP-3-Sound-File.mp3 The above file opened from the web.
10) http://www.TechForText.com/EX/Windows-PCM-WAP-Sound-File.wav The above file opened from the web.
GRAPHIC FILES, WITH PHOTOGRAPHS
11) http://www.TechForText.com/EX/JPEG.jpg The above file opened from the web.
12) http://www.TechForText.com/EX/Graphics-Interchange-Animation.gif The above file opened from the web.
13) http://www.TechForText.com/EX/24-bit-Bitmap.bmp The above file opened from the web.
14) http://www.TechForText.com/EX/Tagged-Image-Format-File.tif The above file opened from the web, after clicking on a dialog box.
15) http://www.TechForText.com/EX/Portable-Network-Graphics.png The above file opened from the web.
FILES FOR TEXT, INCLUDING MICROSOFT WORD
16) http://www.TechForText.com/EX/2007-2010-Microsoft-Word.docx The above file opened from the web, after clicking on a dialog box.
17) http://www.TechForText.com/EX/1997-2003-Microsoft-Word.doc The above file opened from the web, after clicking on a dialog box.
18) http://www.TechForText.com/EX/Backup-Microsoft-Word.wbk The above file did NOT OPEN from the web.
19) http://www.TechForText.com/EX/Microsoft-Publisher.pub The above file opened from the web, after clicking on two dialog boxes.
20) http://www.TechForText.com/EX/Rich-Text-Format.rtf The above file opened from the web, after clicking on a dialog box.
21) http://www.TechForText.com/EX/Works-6-Document.wps The above file open from the web, after clicking on two dialog boxes.
22) http://www.TechForText.com/EX/Text-Document.txt The above file opened from the web.
23) www.TechForText.com/EX/Open-Document-Text.odt The above file did NOT OPEN from the web.
24) http://www.TechForText.com/EX/PDF-Document.pdf The above file opened from the web.
25) http://www.TechForText.com/EX/XPS-Document.xps The above file open from the web, after clicking on a dialog box.
26) http://www.TechForText.com/EX/Windows-Journal-Document.jnt The above file did NOT OPEN from the web.
MICROSOFT EXCEL FILES
27) http://www.TechForText.com/EX/Microsoft-Excel-2007-2010-Worksheet.xlsx The above file opened from the web.
28) http://www.TechForText.com/EX/Excel-1997-2003-Workbook.xls The above file opened from the web.
29) http://www.TechForText.com/EX/Excel-Binary-Workbook.xlsb The above file opened from the web, after clicking on a dialog box.
MISCELLANEOUS FILES
30) http://www.TechForText.com/EX/Microsoft Access.accdb The above file opened from the web.
31) www.TechForText.com/EX/Mathcad-Document.mcd The above file did NOT OPEN from the web.
32) www.TechForText.com/EX/Zipped-Folder.zip The above file opened from the web, after clicking on two dialog boxes.*
*A Note About the Zipped Folder The above file (Zipped-Folder) is a storage device, and it contains six files that did not open directly from the web. However, these files can be opened when the zip folder is downloaded, but only if you have the software to use these files. It is usually best to remove the files from a Zipped-Folder, before they are opened, because some files may not open directly from the zipped folder. Zipped-Folders are very useful for storing a number of files or photographs for download. For example, clicking on the following URL will download a Zipped-Folder with 162 Photographs. This download may require several minutes or more, depending on your computer your, and Internet connection. http://www.TechForText.com/FL/3.zip
The Utility of the Above Experiment, and a Previous Experiment, involving the Storage of Non-HTML Files on a Server, and Accessing them Through the Web
I carried out a simpler version of the experiment presented in this topic, over a year ago, with fewer files, and no videos. After I completed the initial experiment, I use the implied technique, of storing non-HTML files on a Web server, for practical utility. This involved placing Microsoft Word documents on a server, which is accessible through the web, with the http protocol. Most of these documents contained e-books I wrote, and/or photographs I have taken. I have been using the technique described above for over a year, and I never encountered any problems. You can access the following examples, which are in the Microsoft Word .docx file format.
http://www.TechForText.com/ZZ/index.docx A Photographic Study of a Woman Eating, From The Perspective Of Art, Comprised of 44 photographs, © 2015
http://www.TechForText.com/FL/index.docx Three Techniques for Photographing Flowers, about 2000 words, © 2015
E-Book: Multiple Writing Strategies for Hardcopy, And For Creating Web-Based E-Books and Articles © 2014
http://www.TechForText.com/MW/Chapter-1/Word.docx http://www.TechForText.com/MW/Chapter-2/Word.docx http://www.TechForText.com/MW/Chapter-3/Word.docx http://www.TechForText.com/MW/Chapter-4/Word.docx http://www.TechForText.com/MW/Chapter-5/Word.docx http://www.TechForText.com/MW/Chapter-6/Word.docx http://www.TechForText.com/MW/Chapter-7/Word.docx
E-Book A General Model of Simple and Complex Systems, © 2015 http://www.TechForText.com/Sm/Chapter-1/Word.docx http://www.TechForText.com/Sm/Chapter-2/Word.docx http://www.TechForText.com/Sm/Chapter-3/Word.docx http://www.TechForText.com/Sm/Chapter-4/Word.docx http://www.TechForText.com/Sm/Chapter-5/Word.docx http://www.TechForText.com/Sm/Chapter-6/Word.docx http://www.TechForText.com/Sm/Chapter-7/Word.docx http://www.TechForText.com/Sm/Chapter-8/Word.docx http://www.TechForText.com/Sm/Chapter-9/Word.docx http://www.TechForText.com/Sm/Chapter-10/Word.docx http://www.TechForText.com/Sm/Chapter-11/Word.docx http://www.TechForText.com/Sm/Chapter-12/Word.docx
Web Links to Access Other Authors, for Additional and Supporting Information, as Well as ALTERNATIVE Interpretations, Explanations, and Opinions.
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